The following are detailed descriptions of how network protocols work in each layer of the OSI model: Each packet transmitted and received over a network contains binary data. Most computer protocols add a header to the beginning of each packet to store information about the sender and intended destination of the message. Some logs may also include a footer at the end with additional information. Network protocols process these headers and footers as part of moving data between devices to identify messages of their own type. DHCP is a communication protocol that allows network administrators to automate the assignment of IP addresses over a network. In an IP network, every device that connects to the Internet needs a unique IP address. DHCP allows network administrators to distribute IP addresses from a central point and automatically send a new IP address when a device is connected from another location on the network. DHCP works with a client-server model. Modern protocols for computer networks typically use packet switching techniques to send and receive messages in the form of packets, which are messages divided into parts that are collected and reassembled at their destination. Hundreds of computer network protocols have been developed, each designed for specific purposes and environments. Examples of standard network protocols are TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), UDP (User Datagram Protocol), IP (Internet Protocol), ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), FTP (File Transfer Protocol), TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol), SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), SSH (Secure Shell), Telnet, etc.

To put this in context, here is a representation of the communication process between two network devices according to the OSI model: Modern operating systems include built-in software services that implement support for certain network protocols. Applications such as web browsers contain software libraries that support the high-level protocols required for this application to work. For some lower-level TCP/IP and routing protocols, support is implemented in direct hardware (silicon chipsets) to improve performance. Although some say that the OSI model is now redundant and less important than the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)/IP network model, there are still references to the OSI model today because the structure of the model helps shape protocol discussions and contrast different technologies. Several protocols overlap the session, presentation, and application layers of networks. The protocols listed below are among the best known: Routing protocols are special protocols specifically designed for use by network routers over the Internet. A routing protocol can identify other routers that manage paths (called routes) between the sources and destinations of network messages and make dynamic routing decisions. Common routing protocols include EIGRP, OSPF, and BGP. Figure 1 shows how some of the most important protocols would correlate with the OSI model for communicating over the Internet. There are four layers in this model, including: To understand the nuances of network protocols, it is essential to first know the Open Systems Interconnection Model (OSI). The majority of network protocols used today, which are considered the main architectural model for working communication over the Internet, are structurally based on the OSI model. Yes, we`re talking about “protocols,” which are a set of rules that help determine how a particular technology works for communication.

In other words, it can be said that protocols are numerical languages implemented in the form of network algorithms. There are different networks and network protocols that users use when browsing. SMTP is a protocol designed to transmit email reliably and efficiently. SMTP is a push protocol and is used to send email, while POP and IMAP are used to retrieve email from the end user`s side. SMTP forwards emails between systems and notifies incoming emails. SMTP allows a client to transmit e-mail messages to another client on the same network or network through relay or gateway access available for both networks. RPC is a protocol for requesting a service from a program on a remote computer on a network and can be used without having to understand the underlying network technologies. RPC uses TCP or UDP to transmit messages between communicating programs. RPC also works on client-server models. The requesting program is the client and the service provider program is the server. Telnet is primarily used by network administrators to access and manage remote devices. To access a remote device, a network administrator must enter the IP address or host name of the remote device, and they will see a virtual terminal that can interact with the host.

Network protocols divide larger processes into discrete, tightly defined functions and tasks at each level of the network. In the Standard Model, the so-called Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, one or more network protocols control activities at each layer of the telecommunications exchange. .

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